With the growth of civil engineering projects and the need for maximum usage of the land, employers have to use the underground space and therefore the earth retention systems for deep excavations are mostly needed in providing the parking lots and sites with the social, sportive, and infrastructures purposes.
SOIL NAILING AND GROUND ANCHORAGE
Soil Nailing and Ground anchorage mean the in situ retainments of the excavation based on the pre-designed scheme.
TOP-DOWN METHOD
In the top-down method, the main structure is built from the top to the bottom with the excavation simultaneously. Therefore; there is no need for a support system for the excavation.
BRACING STRUT (Braced Excavations)
In the bracing strut method for retaining excavations, first, the soldier piles are installed as a permanent structure. Then, in each stage of the excavation, the compression elements are used to transfer the lateral earth pressure.
Truss Retaining Structure
The truss in the excavation is used to transfer the lateral earth pressure through the horizontal and oblique elements to the bottom of the excavation.
Nowadays with the lack of area with good soil condition and growth of population contractors are ought to construct on the weak and inappropriate soils. Before construction, the soil condition must be improved with different methods and that is the job of the ground improvement. Some methods of ground improvement are:
MICROPILES
Micropiles are reinforced piles with a small diameter (less than 30 centimeters). The stages of the micropile construction are driving pipe, reinforcement, and grout injection.
JET GROUTING
In the jet grouting method, the properties of the soil are improved with the injection of the grout with high pressure through the nozzles.
DEEP SOIL MIXING (DSM)
Deep soil mixing is a soil improvement method in which properties of the soil are improved by building cement columns in the soil with hollow cylinders and usage of stabilizers.
Pile foundation
Pile foundation is the most common type of deep foundation. Pile is a relatively long element that transfers the load of the structure to the deeper soils with better properties and strength.
Geotechnical design and consulting have a major role in civil engineering and infrastructures. Proposing the best solution for the potentially hazardous condition are included in the design and consulting for geotechnical issues. The layout of the Ista Saze services in geotechnical and consulting area are divided into following subjects:
SITE INVESTIGATION:
site investigation or geotechnical investigation includes desk study, investigation of existing geotechnical data, site exploration and sampling, in situ and laboratory tests, proposing a design for the project, etc.
SEISMOGRAPHY:
seismography is the knowledge of the propagation of elastic waves in the ground which is one of the branches of geophysical studies. With the data gathered from the analysis of wave propagation, the soil strata are modeled.
GEOPHYSICS:
geophysics or physics of the ground is one of the main branches of the science of the ground in which the physical properties of the soil are measured with seismic, magnetic, gravitational, and electrical methods.
GEOLOGY:
geology means the science of soil study. Geology is the knowledge about the earth, structure, and materials of the ground and mountains, etc.
The processes in civil engineering and architecture for preparing a site to build or underground utilities are called construction. There are several types of buildings and major subjects related to that are:
MONITORING OF THE CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS:
One of the most important properties of the building is consistently monitoring. If the monitoring is exact and appropriate the project finishes at the predicted time and with the predicted cost.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT:
Project management is utilizing the science, expertise, instruments, and techniques for achieving the goals of the project. This issue needs sufficient management.
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT:
Contract management is the method in which the employer sets a company or a person to manage the project.
PARTICIPATION IN SHARED CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT:
Participation in a shared construction contract is one the contracts in the building area in which two different companies or person agrees. This type of contract has important and detailed legal features.